The Impacts of the Internet on Journal Publishing

Introduction The Internet has transformed the way in which knowledge is disseminated, discoveries are shared and traditional business model of academic journal is operated in the electronic environment. At the same time, Internet as a medium also construct a completely new model of knowledge learning and distribution, which is the Open Access, funded by author-pay, institutional sponsorship, advertising, etc. As a result, the full text of content is free to all the readers around the world. However, negative impacts are brought to both readers and authors simultaneously. For example, authors have the responsibility to pay the publication fee and academic journals are incentivized by the OA to publish more journals, which will affect the overall quality and thus, the whole publication infrastructure of the OA model is not sustainable in the long run. Though not denying these impediments, this essay concentrates on the positive impacts of the Internet on journal publishing from the viewpoint of aca demic journals. Drawing the work of various scholars and taking Wiley Open Access as a case study, this essay identifies the impacts of the Internet on academic journal publishing by examining dynamic changes in practices and behaviors of readers and authors. I seek not to cover all the aspects, but to paying particular attention to scholarly communication. Impact of the Internet on journal publishing Academic journals have remained outstandingly unchanged in terms ofShow MoreRelatedMcsweeney s Publishing : An American Non Profit Publishing House1211 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction McSweeney s Publishing is an American non-profit publishing house founded by editor Dave Eggers in 1998, based in San Francisco. 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Social Theories of Karl Marx and Maw Weber - 789 Words

There are many sociological issues in the world today that can relate back to the concept theories that Karl Marx and Max Weber formed many years ago. Although there are too many for us to go further in depth on, I chose to primarily focus on Racism and Classism. With the perspectives of these theorists in mind I can explain how Racism, Classism, in conjunction with Feminism are among the largest social problems human beings face in the world today. Both theorists have different theories of the social concept Classism, however they are not that much different from one another. Karl Marx utilizes the term â€Å"proletariat† to refer to the working class. Marx views the members of each class as sharing their own distinctive culture. Max Weber†¦show more content†¦This allows us to raise our brows to the problems with socialism, and where the government is failing us. Marx used the concept of â€Å"class consciousness† to refer to a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change. According to Marx, class is qualitatively different from gender and race and cannot be considered just another system of oppression. Globally racism and sexism differs depending on the situation, but in nature produces the same issues. Racism is a major social problem in more than just one part of the world. There is not a connection between certain races and how they are treated in similar countries, there is a drift among racially divided cultures. For example, 1/4 white men who use coke are caught for it while 1/17 black men who use it are caught. The number of white to black users are the same, however the conviction rate is very different. Feminism is another social problem troubling human societies all over the world. Feminism is an issue of Dominance of Men over Women around the world. The feminist theory is a result of the general movement to empower women worldwide. According to Weber feminism can be defined as a

Principals of Financial Markets Management

Question: Discuss about the Principals of Financial Markets Management. Answer: Introduction: The following piece of assignment focuses on conducting a top down analysis of airline industry operating globally as well as on the domestic grounds of Australia. The researcher has undergone an extensive analysis of the airline industry and the research outcome has thoroughly been discussed. The researcher has also provided a substantial judgment for the changes that have occurred in the profit generating capacity and working procedure in these companies. For the purpose of highlighting the changes the researcher has further done the bottom up analysis of the two major airline companies operating in Australia that are Qantas Airways Ltd and Virgin Blue Ltd. On the analysis of these two companies, the researcher has found out the changes that have occurred in the working structure of the companies and the ways through which the profitability of the same were affected. The researcher has done a detailed analysis of the finances of the companies to justify the changes. Top-down Analysis: In the global economy the recent times have witnessed a phase of increase in the operational cost of the airline industry and the deterioration in the same. According to Snider and Williams (2015),it has also been analyzed that the airline industries around the economy is in a state of complete chaos via an extensive research of the industry. Here, the micro perspective of the airline industry comprises of the general economic environment that the firms operate in or will be operating. As stated by Zhang et al. (2013), in order to ascertain the existing available environment for the proper functioning of the firms, pestel analysis forms to be one of the essential tools. In this context, the industrial economic analysis of the working overall environment has further been described as follows: Industrial Economic Environment In the process of understanding the industrial economic environment the GDP, interest rate and currency value of Australia is evaluated. In the second quarter of 2016 the country witnessed a GDP growth of 3.3 % annually compared to the 3.1% registered in the March quarter. In 2015 the economy of the country stood at GDP of AUD$ 1.62 trillion. The interest rate is decided by the Reserve bank of India and also known as cash rate stood at 1. 5% in August 2016 and it is lowest rate compared to the average rate that stands at 4.86%. On the other hand the currency rate of AUD can be expressed as 1AUD is equivalent to 0.758 USD or 0.68 or 0.58 GBP. Thus 1 USD is equal to 1.33 AUD. The airline industries all over the world are under the supervision of the political measures which may not be favorable for the economic working environment of the airline industry. In the words of Dai et al. (2014),as per the rules of the political regulation, the passengers hold more importance in comparison to the airline companies. In addition to the above, the intensive competition among the airline companies along the regulatory political measures are compelling the firms to occur at a situation where in the consumers or passengers take the lead in controlling the price of the tickets and the other various amenities and taking it to a lower level. However, the trading policies of the airline companies operating in Australia are good. According to Chen and Chen (2012), the prime focus of the trading policy in Australia is to break down the barriers of trade through the implementation of the regional, multilateral as well as bilateral trading policies. In this context, the two biggest airline companies operating in Australia namely Qantas and Virgin Blue are mainly concentrating on providing its services to the business travelers that are frequent and are in large number of quantity from all over the world. Here, it is mandatory for the companies to follow the factors listed in the Corporate Social Responsibility scheme. As opinioned by Borenstein and Rose (2014), the Australian airline companies also require considering the international issues to avoid the chances of damage to the culture and breaking of the international laws. As per the current political atmosphere of Australia, the working environment for the airline companies is adequate because the country is not engaged in war like situations with the other countries. According to Bilotkach and Lakew (2014), the following adequacy for the working operations provides an opportunity to the airline companies to serve the business class travelers all around the globe along with the leisure trip travelers that may help the companies to gain more sales as well as profits. Due to the stability of the government in a country like Australia, the political intervention is minimal on the working procedures of the airline firms. In the words of Sivrikaya and Tun (2013), most of the developed countries around the globe have been dealing with the outcomes of recession which has also laid an impact on the airline industry. The lowering of the rate of economic growth along with the constant fluctuation of the oil prices have been the largely contributing factors towards the stagnant development of this particular industry. According to Johnston and Ozment (2013), The leading issues that the airline companies are dealing with comprises of hike in the prices of fuels, increase in the demand of labors, rise in the cost of maintenance and an increment in the cost of operations along with the reduction in the quantity of consumers and intense competition from the rival firms serving the customers at apparently lower prices. Besides, the incidence of the disappearing airplanes that is the Malaysian airplane has further added to the difficulties to be faced by the other airline companies globally. As stated by Baker (2013), on account of a lower rate of unemployment in the country, the demands of the workers have increased leading to a crisis of trained and fully skilled workers for conducting the works of the airline firms. Hence, the companies require finding out the alternative ways of having an access to the maximum number of skilled employees. However, an increased rate of export of Australia works in favor of the airline companies by generating opportunities of serving the frequent travelers of the freight transfer. As per the words of Merkert and Cowie (2012), Australia has also witnessed significant changes in its social environment due to increment in the quality as well quantity of service of the consumers. The firms require steadying their costs in order to serve the rising demands and derive the maximum revenue. The literacy rate of Australia is high due to which the customers have a more economical approach forcing the airline firms to adopt the approach of being a consumer friendly business firm. In the view of Misopoulos et al. (2014), the recent technological advancements have reduced the need of one to one business conferences and meetings that has further lead to a decrease in the demand of business class tickets. As stated by Hansen et al. (2013), owing to the rise in the excessive competition among the airline companies, there is a need to develop new technological procurements that may lure the customers bringing in more revenue to the companies than their rival firms. These technological advancements may also cut down the fuel requirements and minimize the cost of operations as well. This may also lead to an increased work efficiency of the employees along with the companies. In context of the reports published by the International Air Transport Association the demand of the airline industry displayed an increase of 6.5 percent than the proceeding year in 2014. In the view of Brueckner et al. (2015), a lower rate of fair charges has been determined to be the major reason for this increase in demand. As per the reports, the annual revenue generating capacity of the companies increased to a percentage of 5.6. Hence, it may be said that the airline industries have derived the strongest results in the year 2015as compared to the previous five years. The domestic airline industry operating in Australia has also portrayed a similar response. An increase of 6.3 percent has been seen in the business growth of such companies. As observed by Zhang et al. (2014),these companies are dealing with a restricted profit margin that may be overcome given the companys focus on lowering down the excessive operational costs and increasing the revenue growth via attaining maximum satisfaction of the consumers. As stated by Akbar et al. (2014), the economic health of a particular country speaks aloud about its industrial growth. The economic indicators of the industrial wellbeing help to determine the economic status of that particular industry. These economic indicators mainly consist of the gross domestic product or GDP, per capita income, industry production, disposable income, scale of business along with the consumer satisfaction and confidence. According to Ramdas et al. (2013), the continuity of fluctuation in the fuel prices also plays a major role in the profitability of the airline companies. In this regard, it may be said that the economic growth of the origin country and the economic growth of the industry operating in the same country are very closely associated. Therefore, the economic indicators and the rising and falling trends of it lay a significant impact on the numbers of passengers along with the magnitude of freight. Bottom-Up Analysis: In the words of Lawton et al. (2013), the basic purpose of conducting a swot analysis is to focus on the business organizations micro perspectives. The main aim of this analysis is to establish an association between the objectives of the organization and the strategic planning of the same. According to Sancho-Esper et al. (2016), the analysis further helps to define the unique features of the particular business firms that makes it different from its rival firms and thereby helps to gain a competitive advantage simultaneously. Besides, the weak points of the business entity can also be determined through this analysis and thus may help to improve the working process. In this context, the researcher has thoroughly discussed the changes that can be witnessed in the profitability and financial ratios of the two major airline companies operating in Australia that is Qantas Airways Ltd and Virgin Blue Ltd. Financial Ratios and Growth Profitability of Qantas Airways Ltd Key Ratios - Profitability Years 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Margins % of Sales Gross Margin 73.77 56.83 55.77 55.24 55.62 51.72 54.6 49.83 54.01 Operating Margin 6.9 5.83 1.39 -1.55 -0.63 -6.6 1.28 -26.19 4.92 Profitability Asset Turnover (Average) 0.78 0.8 0.73 0.67 0.7 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.89 Return on Assets % 3.71 4.93 0.59 0.56 1.23 -1.17 0.02 -15.16 3.2 Liquidity/Financial Health Current Ratio 0.87 0.74 0.89 0.93 0.9 0.77 0.82 0.66 0.68 Quick Ratio 0.82 0.67 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.65 0.7 0.58 0.6 Financial Leverage 3.17 3.44 3.5 3.35 3.39 3.6 3.4 6.05 5.09 Debt/Equity 0.68 0.62 0.86 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.88 1.84 1.39 Efficiency Receivables Turnover 11.64 11.2 11.69 12.43 13.59 13.95 12.49 11.52 14.41 Inventory Turnover 15.45 34.34 27.64 20.94 18.45 19.25 19.51 22.33 22.36 Fixed Assets Turnover 1.23 1.28 1.19 1.08 1.1 1.07 1.14 1.25 1.46 Asset Turnover 0.78 0.8 0.73 0.67 0.7 0.71 0.77 0.81 0.89 The given table of profitability and financial ratios of Qantas Airways shows that the gross margin of the company have been decreasing in the preceding years whereas it has subsequently shown an increase in the recent years. According to Brueckner and Picard (2013), the gross margin of a firm may be calculated by subtracting the amount of revenue from sales from the cost of the goods sold. On the contrary, the operating margin of a firm consists of the revenue collected after the operating expenses have been deducted from the total revenue generated. It is evident from the given table that the Qantas Airways Ltd has experienced an improvement in the recent years than the earlier years. In the words of Zou et al. (2014),a higher rate of economic growth is associated with the rate of improvement of the operating margin of a business entity. As opinioned by Rosenthal et al. (2013),the capability of a business entity in paying off the liabilities of the same with the company assets help s to understand the status of the companys current ratio. The assets by which the liabilities may be paid off mainly consist the cash balance of the company, its accounts receivables, the inventories as well as market securities and similar other things. In addition to the above, it can also be analyzed from the given table that the current ratio of this airline company has also improved in the recent years. This in turn indicates that the company has become more efficient in paying off its liabilities. In the words of Wang et al. (2016),the efficiency of the company in generating the maximum amount of credit and the collection of debts based on that credit is depicted through the receivables turnover ratio of the Qantas Airways Ltd. The growth of this ratio makes it evident that Qantas Airways lends cash and also collects cash on credit for the purpose of funding its business purposes. Besides, the ability of the company to assist the sales based on the capacity of the assets of the same determines the strength of the asset turnover ratio of Qantas Airways Ltd. In order to facilitate this, the firm will require comparing and drawing a conclusion of the net sales of the company with that of the average total sales of the same. A slow rate of growth of the asset turnover ratio is depicting the stagnant development of Qantas Airways due to the disability of the firm in increasing the number of sales. Financial Ratio and Growth Profitability of Virgin Blue Ltd Key Ratios - Profitability Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Margins % of Sales Gross Margin _ _ 71.2 _ 72.28 73.33 71.77 71.91 74.68 Operating Margin 14.76 6.09 -7.58 2.87 -1.5 1.56 -3.43 -8.86 -2.41 Profitability Asset Turnover (Average) 0.94 0.82 0.78 0.82 0.85 1 0.95 0.95 0.9 Return on Assets % 9.36 3.46 -4.77 0.59 -1.76 0.58 -2.33 -7.81 -2.12 Liquidity/Financial Health Current Ratio 1.1 0.88 0.53 0.76 0.65 0.65 0.54 0.64 0.69 Quick Ratio Financial Leverage 3.1 3.61 5.83 4.15 4.15 4.3 4.26 4.46 5.37 Debt/Equity 1.02 1.28 2.68 1.65 1.52 1.53 1.46 1.52 2.16 Efficiency Receivables Turnover 39.09 34.45 28.91 26.41 22.52 24.24 23.14 20.83 20.51 Inventory Turnover _ _ _ _ 177.65 104.38 50.38 36.68 30.87 Fixed Assets Turnover 1.52 1.23 1.04 1.1 1.19 1.42 1.38 1.51 1.63 Asset Turnover 0.94 0.82 0.78 0.82 0.85 1 0.95 0.95 0.9 In the year 2015, as can be seen in the above table, the gross margin of Virgin Blue has increased tremendously as a result of the reduction of the revenue of the company from the cost of the goods sold by the company. Here, the operating margin of Virgin Blue is considered to be the outcome achieved after the revenue has been deducted from the cost of the goods sold by the company. The liabilities of the company are to be paid by the assets of the company that constitutes of the current ratio of the firm. However, as depicted in the above table, Virgin Blues current ratio has improved reflection upon its efficiency in paying the liabilities. The previous years were consequently suffering from a lower current ratio that has steadily become stable in the year 2015. The current ratio of a firm is helpful in the determination of the abilities of the company of using the assets in disposing the liabilities of the company. According to the profitability and financial ratios table of Virgin Blue, the fluctuation of the receivables turnover among the given years reflects that the company has been facing few difficulties in generation of credit and lending of money for the business purposes. As stated by Pearson et al. ( 2015),the ratio of assets turnover shows the sales that the company is able to generate from its assets. Besides, the given table also displays from the changes in the assets turnover that the sales of the company are largely affected all through the stated years. The given table also shows the quantity of financial leverage and the debt equity ratio of the Virgin Blue, Australia. According to Reynolds-Feighan (2013), the term financial leverage explains the debt taken by the company to use it in the purchase of assets and the debt equity ratio helps a company to measure the financial leverage of the same. The amount of debt may not necessarily be equal to the shareholders fund. An increase in the debt equity may not be favorable for the company in the long run. The investors may also be reluctant to invest in a company with high debt equity as it would lead to chances of bad debts. This further illustrates that the companies demonstrating high debt equity may not be able to attract the investors. Conclusion On the completion of the following piece of research work was aimed analyzing the Airline industry on a global platform as well as on the domestic platform of Australia. The researcher has undergone a top down analysis in order to understand the cause of the changes that are taking place in the Airline industries all around the globe. The stated few changes have led the airline industries to experience a reduction in the demand for their service which in turn hampers the profitability and subsequently decreases their productivity. The major reason of choosing this industry is that very less amount of research has been done in this regard which provided an opportunity to the researcher to enlarge the scale of research work. Further, the findings of the current research work may also prove to be beneficial for the airline companies in identifying the reasons behind the occurrence of these changes and take remedial measures for the same. In addition to this, the researcher has further done a detailed analysis of the profitability and financial ratios of the two major airline companies operating in Australia. The prime reason for conducting this analysis was to understand the effect of the causes on the workings of a company in a better way. In order to justify the stated outcome the researcher has also provided the profitability table of both the companies. The researcher has also made use of subsequent references from different journals and authors to support the given research work. Based on the analysis of the two airline company namely Qantas Airways and Virgin Blue, Australia by conducting top down analysis and bottom analysis using the pestle and swot framework it is evident that the company is exhibiting a decreasing trend in the sales margin and profitability. This is mainly attributed to the economic recession faced by the world economy in the recent tome coupled with the growing competition and rising operation cost of the airline industry. The financial ratio and growth profitability of both Qantas Airways and Virgin Blue is able to improve in terms of gross margin, operating margin and profitability in the last financial year 2015. It shows a positive sign for the industry. Recommendation It is recommended based on the reversing trend in the airline industry in the last year that the company should focus on customer loyalty program to improve the customer retention and improve the sales margin and profitability in the future. It should also promote service differentiation as the selling point to differentiate from the low cost players to attract the potential customers. Reference List: Akbar, Y., Nmeth, A. and Niemeier, H.M., 2014. Here we go again the Permanently Failing Organization: An application to the airline industry in Eastern Europe.Journal of Air Transport Management,35, pp.1-11. Baker, D.M.A., 2013. Service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry: A comparison between legacy airlines and low-cost airlines.American Journal of Tourism Research,2(1), pp.67-77. Bilotkach, V. and Lakew, P.A., 2014. On sources of market power in the airline industry: Panel data evidence from the US airports.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,59, pp.288-305. Borenstein, S. and Rose, N.L., 2014. How airline markets work or do they? Regulatory reform in the airline industry. InEconomic Regulation and Its Reform: What Have We Learned?(pp. 63-135). University of Chicago Press. Brueckner, J.K. and Picard, P.M., 2013. Airline alliances, carve-outs and collusion.Review of Network Economics,12(2), pp.211-227. Brueckner, J.K., Lee, D.N., Picard, P.M. and Singer, E., 2015. Product unbundling in the travel industry: The economics of airline bag fees.Journal of Economics Management Strategy,24(3), pp.457-484. Chen, C.F. and Chen, S.C., 2012. Scale development of safety management system evaluation for the airline industry.Accident Analysis Prevention,47, pp.177-181. Dai, M., Liu, Q. and Serfes, K., 2014. Is the effect of competition on price dispersion nonmonotonic? evidence from the us airline industry.Review of Economics and Statistics,96(1), pp.161-170. Hansen, M., Ryerson, M.S. and Marchi, R.F., 2013. New methodologies for airport environmental impact analysis.Modelling and Managing Airport Performance, pp.145-169. Johnston, A. and Ozment, J., 2013. Economies of scale in the US airline industry.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,51, pp.95-108. Lawton, T., Rajwani, T. and Doh, J., 2013. The antecedents of political capabilities: A study of ownership, cross-border activity and organization at legacy airlines in a deregulatory context.International Business Review,22(1), pp.228-242. Merkert, R. and Cowie, J., 2012. A quantitative cross-modal analysis of transportation firms transaction costsAre airlines any different?.Journal of Air Transport Management,22, pp.3-8. Misopoulos, F., Mitic, M., Kapoulas, A. and Karapiperis, C., 2014. Uncovering customer service experiences with Twitter: the case of airline industry.Management Decision,52(4), pp.705-723. Pearson, J., Pitfield, D. and Ryley, T., 2015. Intangible resources of competitive advantage: Analysis of 49 Asian airlines across three business models.Journal of Air Transport Management,47, pp.179-189. Ramdas, K., Williams, J. and Lipson, M., 2013. Can financial markets inform operational improvement efforts? Evidence from the airline industry.Manufacturing Service Operations Management,15(3), pp.405-422. Reynolds-Feighan, A., 2013. Comparative analysis of air freight networks in regional markets around the globe. InHandbook of Global Logistics(pp. 325-366). Springer New York. Rosenthal, P., Pfeiffer, L., Mller, N.H. and Ohler, P., 2013, June. Visruption: intuitive and efficient visualization of temporal airline disruption data. InComputer Graphics Forum(Vol. 32, No. 3pt1, pp. 81-90). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Sancho-Esper, F.M. and Mas-Ruiz, F.J., 2016. Spanish Domestic Airline Market Structure and Incumbent Cost Response to Market Entry: Direction and Magnitude of Response.Journal of Transport Economics and Policy (JTEP),50(3), pp.223-244. Sivrikaya, O. and Tun, E., 2013. Demand forecasting for domestic air transportation in Turkey.The Open Transportation Journal,7(1), pp.20-26. Snider, C. and Williams, J.W., 2015. 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Pediatric Physical Therapy Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT)

Questions: a) What is the basis for utilizing this type of intervention for children with cerebral palsy? b) Why is this intervention being investigated? Is there a lack of supportive evidence or are there controversies surrounding this type of intervention? c) Do the results of the study or summary of the study adequately support the efficacy of this intervention for children with cerebral palsy? Answers: Physical Therapy Intervention used for Children with Cerebral Palsy Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) has been considered as one of the most well-known approach that is associated to the children suffering from cerebral palsy. One of the most effective perspective associated to Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) highlights towards treatment of control groups. The results, which are found to be included with innovative treatment modalities, are compared to the results of NDT applications. The effectiveness of NDT continues to be in a factor of debate (Verschuren et al., 2013). It is definitely not the only approach associated to the pediatric therapy. Thus, it is often subjected to various pros and cons which are been estimated by the researchers associated to this domain. The strength training, mainly for the children suffering from cerebral palsy along with partial body weight supported ambulation training are considered as the two contemporary approaches which are found to be allied to the development of the children. Basis for the Utilization of the Intervention for Children with Cerebral Palsy NDT is an effective and efficient approach which is mainly based on the theories of reflexes, maturation and hierarchic science. This approach is highly influenced by the factor of occupation, speech therapy and physical development of a child suffering from cerebral palsy. When a child suffers from the impairment of Central Nervous System, they tend to have an affected posture control against gravity (Figueroa Yu, 2014). Thus, the goal of establishing a normal functioning of the nervous system and thereby the prevention of the deformities and contractures are carefully monitored by the concept of Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT). The neurodevelopmental approach generally tend to focus towards the sensorimotor components such as the reflexes, abnormal movement patters, postural control, memory and the perception. Thus, handling these techniques in order to attain an effective sensory stimuli, in order to inhibit the spasticity, abnormal patterns, abnormal reflexes are carefully m onitored for the patient in this protocol. Thus, the child would be facilitated with equilibrium responses, movement patterns and muscle tone under the supervision of Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT). Reason for the Investigation The main reason for investigation was to provide the evidence about various intervention for management of developmental disabilities. The research which was conducted by American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (AACPDM) which supported the intervention for medical condition, gauging the credibility of the evidence and thereby identifying the gaps of the scientific knowledge (Kaplan et al., 2013). Fourteen of the 21 studies provided results regarding the efficiency of Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) tentatively, which directly ponders towards its validity. However, it can be clearly analyzed that one of the biggest threat which was associated to the context was the small sample size. The small sample size often may not be considered valid for generalizing the concept. Moreover, lack of information in order to detect a true difference between the heterogeneity of the population was also an alarming factor. Moreover, it can be analyzed that there were substantial gaps which need to be addressed in the future studies. Efficacy of the Intervention Model for Children suffering from Cerebral Palsy The nature of the results attained from the study is completely not adequate as it is supported by very low sample size. Low sample size along with the factor of diversified heterogeneity often results to the factor of lack of validity. Thus, further research based on this concept need to be accommodated in order to facilitate more accuracy and adaptability of Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT). Services provided under Part C of the IDEA or IDEIA legislation Physical therapy is considered as one the early intervention services, which directly falls under Part C of IDEA. The Physical therapy so provided may be considered as the only early intervention service where a child need to be coordinated efficiently and effectively. It is considered as a multidisciplinary program, which mainly targets for a huge sector of children that can be directly involved to the program. The Physical therapy, which is generally associated by the services of Part C of the IDEA legislation is generally provided as a part of the childs Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) through a family centered care philosophy. Moreover, the Physical therapy under Part C of the IDEA tend to utilize their knowledge along with their versatile skills to relate the motor and the self-care function. Apart from these perspectives, they also highlights towards the development of assistive technology, medical health care science and developing the self-care functioning of a chil d. All these parameters definitely target towards providing a unique contribution associated to the Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP). Moreover, the Physical therapists provide a wide range of services to the clients, which includes collaborating others within a single team, integrating interventions into everyday routines, locations or activities, and efficiently exchanging information with the family members (Chen Weaver, 2014). It can be clearly analyzed that all these facilities associated to this program of Part C in IDEA legislation targets in developing an effective platform for the improvising a childs development in a systematic and a logical manner (Moody McManus, 2014). Parents are considered as an integral part of the IDEA protocol, which mainly includes the factor of development of Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP), and the must notified of their rights. This also includes the right to due process. Secondly, IFSP is considered a process that is professionally associated to decision making along with the implementation of the early intervention of the services of families and children. Moreover, the team member tend to develop the objectives, outcomes and strategies, which would guide the provision of the early intervention service associated in the natural environment. It can be clearly analyzed that the team determines the amount along with location of the early intervention services, which includes the concept of physical therapy, supporting the family and childs objective along with monitoring the income of the family members effectively (Levitt, 2013). Thus, the management would definitely monitor towards the economical consequences of a family and thereby would lay subsequent strategies to guide the child so that there is no constraint faced. Finally, the Service coordination is found to provide the families through the IFSP protocol. Thoughts for Inclusion and its Effectiveness on the Educational Situation It can be stated that there are few issues associated to the education, which generate more confusion, discussion or apprehension than the topic of inclusion. This is considered as an issue that has outspoken advocates on all the sides, whether loyally for, avowedly against or somewhere between the two parameters. Certainly, for the purpose of school of a district change, it can be analyzed that a more inclusive approach need to be provided which provides restructuring to the student associated to various disabilities. Special education program along with regular educational staff members (and the relationships) often changes the traditional rules under which most of the things happen with the premises of campus, district of classroom (Rackauskaite et al., 2015). Thus, the understanding of various ramifications and issues such as the restructuring protocols need to be amended significantly. It can be clearly analyzed that the concept of inclusion is considered vague for most of the people. Its actual meaning, structure and its questioning regarding the mainstreaming factors. Thus, from my perspective, I can clearly define that Inclusion is not an innovative concept associated to education. However, it is in fact a related term, which is associated to a longer history including integration, normalization, mainstreaming, deinstitutionalization, least restrictive environment and the regular education initiative. It can be clearly stated that it is an inclusion stem from the lax usage of several of these related terms when important differences in meaning exists, especially among the common mainstreaming, full inclusion or integration inclusion (Schreiber et al., 2015). From the perspectives of students associated to several disabilities, this concept have definitely targeted towards the development of opportunities to be around the non disabled peers which have been effectively limited to the lunch and recess. The other also may have been subsequently integrated into the fields of physical education, art, music and vocational training program. Typically, the students having mild disabilities are also been allowed with traditional core academic content areas, such as the subjects of mathematic, language, history, science, etc. From all these perspectives, it can be clearly assumed that this program definitely targets towards the development of these affected children. These programs tend to limit the factor of discrimination to a huge extent from these children, which in turn helps to develop their internal strength. The factor of confidence is effectively boosted among these child members as they feel the sense of equality with the other children of the same age. Hence, this is one of the most effective parameter, which should be effectively monitored in order to peruse development among the mentally affected child members associated to a school or other organisation. Annual Goal and Short Term Objectives included in Childs IEP at some point in his School Years In context to the present case study that has been published on Derek, the annual goal is to enhance the activities of Derek. This would be followed in such a way that he gets to receive a consultative physical therapy at his school that will help in implementation of various kinds of educational program that will be able to address the issues that is related to his accessibility and fatigability during his school days. The annual goal is to make e Derek free from the mid gut deviation that becomes more prominent during his running (Berg et al., 2012). He shall be thus given the important physical therapies that will help him to come out of the problems that he has been presently suffering from. This includes supporting him in independent stair climbing using the suitable handrail that he has been associated in doing. He shall also need to be supported for his home program of heel cord stretching and night splint that will help the physical therapies to monitor the activities of Dere k. The short-term objectives in relation to Derek thus include: Understanding of the outcomes that will help in relating Dereks functional skills and activities Understanding of the outcome that will help in enhancing Dereks performance in school. Understanding of the outcome that may be realistic and achievable within the frame of IEP fro motivating and improving the condition of Derek that he has been associated with Derek needs to provide the suitable assistance for removing the mild gait deviations To support Derek so that he can independently get associated in stair climbing by using a suitable handrail so that he can easily transfer himself from the floor to standing by using a Gowers maneuver. Monitoring the activities of Derek at school through the use of MDA clinic that will help to focus on the home program of heel cord stretching and the implementation of night splint Natural Environment is more than just Switching from Clinic based to Home based services The IFSP has laid down the guidelines that helps in providing a childs natural environment whenever required. The term natural environment means settings and activities that are standardized for a childs peers of the same age. It is the place or event the child is likely to get engaged if he or she did not have the disability. It includes care centers for children, church, libraries or grocery stores that help in the development of the child in a natural environment. However, what seems to be natural for one child is not necessarily natural for the other child. The main question that arises here is the location for creating a natural environment. A location may not be treated as a natural environment if it is where the persons with disabilities go. For example, they should not be taken to hospitals, schools and classrooms (Bartonek, 2015). The stipulation of early interference services for any child may occur in a setting other than a natural environment only if early interference cannot be achieved satisfactorily. According to the Federal Idea Part C Regulations, the term natural environment means and includes, keeping in mind the needs of the child, natural environment community settings means home kind of environment in which children with disabilities are comfortable with. The state that is participating in Part C of Idea must ensure that early services should be provided for natural environments and ensuring that any child who cannot be a part of the natural environment easily shall be provided with an alternative in place of natural e nvironment. Natural environment means settings that are real or normal for the childs peer who otherwise have no disability. According to Nebraska Title, natural environment means arrangement that is real or natural for the child similar age peers as compared to the child without any disability. In cases if the natural setting of environment is not achieved satisfactorily then, in such cases an alternative can be achieved. The Rule 51 of the Nebraska Title states that, the school district shall establish policies and procedures to the highest extent possible. Children with disabilities are to be educated with children who do not have any disabilities. In situations where there is a need of separating the educational system of those having disabilities, then they may get separated only in cases where by the aids and services provided do not allow to achieve proper education for those with disabilities. Important Information to be Told to the Parents of a Child with Physical and Cognitive Special Needs regarding their Rights in Advocating for their Child The Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act of 2004 under Sub Part E lays down procedural safeguards. These safeguards serve to preserve the interests and rights of parents as well as children who bear a disability. The Act provides that at least once in a year, the parents of children bearing disability are entitled to Procedural Safeguard Notice from the schools in which their children are enrolled. This Act ensures that children who bear disability have proper access to education. It gives parents of children with disability a voice regarding the education of their children. The following are some of the remarkable rights laid down under the said Act; The Act serves to protect the confidentiality of education of such children by way of allowing children the right to access the records of their children. In case they come across any information, which appears to be misleading or incorrect, or in violation of the privacy rights of their children they are entitled to request for amendment of such information. The Act gives parents the right to take part in meetings concerning their children. This happens to be one of the most significant right available to the parents of children with disability (Oudenampsen et al., 2013). They are entitled to participate in meetings concerning; Identification, evaluation and educational placement of their children Application of the provisions of FAPE (free appropriate public education) to their children Development or revision of the individualised education program for their children (IEP) for their children The Act requires the school authorities to avail the consent of the parents of children with disability prior to taking certain specific actions regarding such children. There is no exhaustive list regarding such actions and would depend upon the policies of schools. These may include; Prior to conducting evaluation of such children; Prior to conducting re-evaluation of such children. Parents have also been provided with the right of disagreeing with decisions which the schools take concerning children with disability. In case parents of such children are not satisfied with the individualized evaluation of their children conducted by the school they have been accorded the right to obtain an Independent Educational Evaluation. Under this system, they have the right to get the evaluation done by an independent evaluator. Parents of children with cognitive and physical special needs must be aware of the above stated rights as well as other rights available under the Act in connection with advocacy for their children. References Bartonek, . (2015). Commentary on Foot Orthoses for Pediatric Flexible Flatfoot: Evidence and Current Practices Among Canadian Physical Therapists.Pediatric Physical Therapy,27(1), 60. Berg, P., Becker, T., Martian, A., Danielle, P. K., Wingen, J. (2012). Motor control outcomes following Nintendo Wii use by a child with Down syndrome.Pediatric Physical Therapy,24(1), 78-84. Chen, Y. P., Weaver, L. (2014). 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